
Cholera is an acute gastroenteritis caused by a bacterial agent Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) [1]. The bacteria still remain a pathogen of public health concern in Africa, and a total of 335,059 cholera cases, including 6197 deaths, were reported in the World Health Organization Regional...

Yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the yellow fever virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, remains a significant global health concern, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Central America, despite the availability of a highly effective vaccine [1]. The World...

Chikungunya fever (CF) is caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes [1]. The disease was first reported in Tanzania, and the name is derived from the ‘Makonde dialect’, which means ‘that which bends up’, about the stooped posture...

Cholera outbreaks remain to continue worldwide causing significant mortality and morbidity [1, 2, 3–4]. The current status of cholera outbreaks, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), indicates a significant resurgence of the disease globally. In 2023, over 667,000 cases and 4,000...

Dengue virus (DENV), which causes dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, has been spreading rapidly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. In 2000, approximately, 500,000 dengue infection cases and 900 deaths were reported worldwide [1]; however, in 2023, over 5 million cases and 5,000 deaths were...