
Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 is a mosquito species with a global distribution that includes Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe [1, 2] and is a primary vector of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Enzootic transmission of JEV occurs through amplifying hosts, such as pigs and water birds....

Human migrations and anthropogenic changes in the environment are major drivers for the community composition, abundance, and richness of mosquito species [1]. Deforestation, agricultural development, land-use, and urbanization processes generally result in a decrease in insect diversity, followed by...

It is estimated that two-thirds of TBEV infections in humans are asymptomatic. In symptomatic cases, the first phase of the disease is characterized by flu-like symptoms. In 20–30% of those infected, a second phase develops, potentially leading to meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and other central...

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex genus. JE is a significant public health concern, causing around 100,000 cases and 25,000 deaths each year globally [1, 2]....

Lyme disease (borreliosis) is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in Europe and the United States, representing a significant public health concern in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease is primarily caused by spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex. In the...