
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus of the hepadnaviridae family responsible for most cases of chronic liver disease (CLD) such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that can ultimately result in premature death [1]. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection...

The term “gut microbiota” typically refers to the bacterial communities residing in the intestinal tract. In adults, the dominant bacterial phyla are Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes being the most predominant [1]. The composition...

Despite the availability of effective vaccinations against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, this infection continues to be a serious public health problem worldwide [1]. 257 million people worldwide are subjected to chronic HBV infection, and 60,000 people worldwide die from chronic hepatitis B each...

Enteric fever is a systemic disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi or Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi. The bacteria usually invade the small intestinal mucosa, where they infect and multiply via the lymphatic/blood vessels. Typical symptoms include febrile symptom,...