
Dengue fever, a primarily mosquito-borne viral infection, has emerged as a major concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions [1]. The transmission of dengue closely follows the life cycle of mosquitoes, and is driven by a variety of factors, including socioeconomic class, latitude, and climatic...

Bacterial pathogens serve as significant contributors to the occurrence of infectious diseases. Some diseases, such as meningitis, can be caused by multiple pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and even viruses [1, 2]. However, it is noteworthy that certain...

Viral hepatitis, particularly caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), remains a significant global health burden with increasing mortality rates [1]. Chronic hepatitis, predominantly attributed to HBV and HCV, is a leading cause of liver-related deaths. HCV/HBV coinfection...

A remarkable urban growth has been witnessed in the past few decades, with people living in towns and cities shooting up from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2 billion in 2018 globally [1]. And the rising trend is expected to maintain. By 2050, approximately seven out of ten individuals will live in urban areas...