
Diarrhea remains a major cause of morbidity worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Hospital environments impose strong selective pressures on the gut microbiome through antimicrobial exposure, invasive procedures, and pathogen transmission, yet differences between hospital-onset...

Septicemia is a life-threatening infection associated with organ injury resulting from a dysregulated host response to an infection [1, 2]. Due to underreporting, especially from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the true magnitude of the incidents is unknown, while the actual number of deaths...

Epidemics of cholera due to infection with toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 continue to be a significant public health problem in many developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America [1, 2]. V. cholerae as a species encompasses more than 200 serogroups which exist as a part of...

Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of the potent diarrheal disease cholera, responsible for 1.2–4.3 million infections and 28,000–142,000 deaths worldwide every year [1]. All seven cholera pandemics throughout history were caused by either the Classical or El Tor biotype....