
Dengue viruses belong to the family Flaviviridae and consist of four major serotypes, namely, dengue virus 1–4 (DENV 1–4), which are responsible for dengue fever [1]. A fifth serotype (DENV 5) has been reported in 2015, which follows the sylvatic cycle rather than the human cycle...

Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belong to the mosquito-borne flaviviruses [1]. Although ZIKV infection is mainly asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, it can cause Guillain–Barre syndrome and other neurological syndromes in adults and serious fetal defects such as microcephaly...

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, with eleven countries accounting for 70% of all cases and 94% of the recorded deaths [1]. Malaria still remains a public health challenge in Tanzania despite the reported decrease in prevalence of about 10% over the...