
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a significant global health concern affecting over 316 million individuals and is associated with the potential progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1–3]. The development of CHB is influenced by a complex interplay of viral, host, and environmental...

Immunohistochemical staining for hepatitis B viral (HBV) antigens has long been used as a part of the assessment of liver biopsies from individuals with chronic HBV infection. Both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) can be readily recognized within liver tissue using...