
Lyme disease, a zoonotic infectious disease caused by spirochetes called Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Diagnosis is based on history, symptoms and a two-step serologic test [1, 2]. Positive immune serology is confirmed by Western Blot. Lyme disease (LD) usually presents initially with an erythematous rash...

Typhoid fever is a widespread infection in humans caused by the bacterium S. Typhi [1, 2]. In 2025, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that approximately 9.2 million cases of typhoid fever occur worldwide each year, causing an estimated 133,000 deaths [3]. A separate...

Febrile illnesses constitute a significant public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [1]. In addition to the high-grade fever, febrile illness often occurs alongside other symptoms such as malaise, anorexia, headaches, cough, body aches, diarrhoea, or other respiratory or neurological signs. The...

Rabies is an acute and fatal zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus [1, 2]. It is primarily transmitted through contact with the saliva of infected animals via scratches, bites, or direct exposure to mucous membranes [3, 4]. Dogs are responsible for up to 99% of human rabies cases. Early symptoms...

Neglected tropical diseases and malaria (NTDM) represent significant public health challenges globally, particularly threatening the health of populations in middle- and low-income countries [1, 2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines NTDs to include more than 20 different diseases, all of which...