
Neglected tropical diseases and malaria (NTDM) represent significant public health challenges globally, particularly threatening the health of populations in middle- and low-income countries [1, 2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines NTDs to include more than 20 different diseases, all of which...

The government of Indonesia has formally pledged to eliminate malaria by 2030 by a Minister of Health Decree 293/2009 [1] and by the President of the Republic of Indonesia at the 9th East Asia Summit in 2014 [2]. In 1999, Indonesia’s government system decentralized, whereby the primary responsibility...

Malaria continues to remain a major global health problem with nearly a quarter of a billion clinical cases and more than 600,000 deaths in 2022. There has been significant progress toward vaccine development, however, poor efficacy of approved vaccines requiring multiple immunizing doses emphasizes...

Malaria is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria remains an important global public health problem. According to the World Health Organization report, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases in 2021...

Vaccines are indispensable tools in public health, annually averting an estimated 2–3 million deaths globally [1]. Disparities in both efficacy and immunogenicity across different geographic regions, remain a significant challenge [2]. The response to BCG vaccine, for example, varies from 0% to...