Typhoid Archives
Typhoid
Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: an updated global systematic review and meta-analysis
Updated estimates of the prevalence of complications and case-fatality ratio (CFR) among patients with typhoid fever are needed to inform typhoid fever prevention and control. To support country-level decisions on typhoid prevention and control with contemporary estimates of morbidity and mortality,...
Typhoid
Shifting targets: typhoid's transformation from an environmental to a vaccine-preventable disease, 1940–2019
160 years after the discovery of its waterborne transmission and 120 years after the development of the first-generation of vaccines, typhoid fever remains a major health threat globally. In this Historical Review, we use WHO's Institutional Repository for Information Sharing to examine changes in typhoid...
Typhoid
A cost-benefit analysis of using wastewater monitoring to guide typhoid vaccine campaigns
Enteric infections are a leading cause of mortality in developing countries [1], responsible for 1.34 million deaths in 2021 worldwide. Such infections—which include diarrheal diseases and acute febrile illnesses—are also highly preventable [2]. Thanks to efforts by the World Health...
Typhoid
Real-world vaccine effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), can be transmitted via faecal-oral route. Although significant reduction in incidence from 11 million in 2017 to 7 million in 2021, typhoid fever remains a global health problem. The World Health Organization...
Typhoid
High prevalence of multi-drug resistant H58 Salmonella Typhi and emerging fluoroquinolone resistance among febrile children in Nairobi County, Kenya
Typhoid fever is a widespread infection in humans caused by the bacterium S. Typhi [1, 2]. In 2025, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that approximately 9.2 million cases of typhoid fever occur worldwide each year, causing an estimated 133,000 deaths [3]. A separate...
