
Febrile illnesses constitute a significant public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [1]. In addition to the high-grade fever, febrile illness often occurs alongside other symptoms such as malaise, anorexia, headaches, cough, body aches, diarrhoea, or other respiratory or neurological signs. The...

Typhoid fever is a widespread infection in humans caused by the bacterium S. Typhi [1, 2]. In 2025, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that approximately 9.2 million cases of typhoid fever occur worldwide each year, causing an estimated 133,000 deaths [3]. A separate...